AP Government required terms duel

Limited government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are

bill of attainder A law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial, it's unconstitutional

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Judicial restraint

Bill of rights

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive

Block grants Federal funds given to states in broad policy areas with few restrictions

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the

amicus curiae A brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines their position or issues it thinks are important in the case. It literally means "friend of the court"

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time,

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and

Honeymoon period a time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the

Unitary system

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

blanket primary a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties

Open primary

Coattail effect Association with a popular candidate to get elected

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise

Liberal

Government corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board

when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it

Casework Services preformed by an elected official for constituents

application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Apportionment Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government

Franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Inherent powers

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Civil liberties Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Random sampling

Subsidy Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the

bench trial A trial in which the judge alone hears and rules the case

Incrementalism

Coattail effect Association with a popular candidate to get elected

Standing committee

Hyperpluralism democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time,

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Elite theory of democracy

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to

President pro tempore

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

categorical grants Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport

Government corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board

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