Denis Diderot
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
William Harvey
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
The enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Johannes Kepler
Contagious Diseases Act
Philosophes
French thinkers
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Developed inductive reasoning
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
