Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases.
Klemens von Metternich
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
Communist Manifesto
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure
Factory act
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.
Industrialization in southern and eastern europe
Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation
Ten hours act
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
Socialism
Educational reforms
Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into School to give kids who couldn't work something to do and wanted to unify the population and create economic growth.
Spinning jenny
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
Bessemer process
Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.
Quentin canal
Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north
Revolutions of 1848 in France
Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol
1800s-1900s social reforms
These reforms were led by governments
A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty
Joseph de Maistre
A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Age of Metternich
He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.
Became one of the worlds most industrialized cities. 1st industrial park (place dedicated to factories). Led to a lot of pollution and other problems.
Prussian revolution of 1848
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Impacts of railroads
War of Greece independence
Sergei Witte
Mass-based political parties
As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.
