A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty
Public Health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power
Great exhibition
Britain held an international exhibition to showcase their industrial might and greatness.
Middle class leisure culture
Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events
German unification
Steam engine
Impacts of railroads
Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well
Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits.
Manchester
Joseph de Maistre
Second wave of industrialization technologies
Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads
Nobility’s opposition to industrialization
They opposed industrialization because they would loose workers as they left for cities.
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
Prussian revolution of 1848
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Social effects of Industrial Revolution
Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases.
Reasons for industrialization in Britain
Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies
Ten hours act
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Revolutions of 1848 in France
Irish potato famine
Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.
People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative.
Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard
Factory act
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative
Conspicuous consumption
The middle class began buying things to show off
Conservatism
1800s-1900s social reforms
These reforms were led by governments
Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
