Tammany Hall
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Bessemer process
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Ghost dance movement
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
Debates over money
Ida B. Wells
Jim Crow laws
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Chinese exclusion act
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Haymarket square riot
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Indian appropriation act
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
John D. Rockefeller
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
